[Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia].

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

[Study on original plant species and geographical distribution of Fructus Aurantii].

The original plant species of Fructus Aurantii are multitudinous and complex, and their requirements to the growing environment is strict. In order to clarify the original plant species and geographical distribution of Fructus Aurantii which recorded in the standards and circulated, used in commodity. The national and local standards of Chinese medicinal materials were collected and the original plants of Fructus Aurantii recoded in standards were found. Ten original plant species of Fructus Aurantii (including varieties of cultivars, the same below) were recorded in the Chinese pharmacopoeia and six local standards of Zhejiang, Yunnan and Guizhou etc. The producing areas and commodity in markets of Fructus Aurantii were investigated. The growth environment and geographical distribution of them were analyzed. There are six types of Fructus Aurantii i.e., Fructus Aurantii Chuan, Fructus Aurantii Xiang, Fructus Aurantii Jiang, Fructus Aurantii Qu, Fructus Aurantii Su, Fructus Aurantii Wen, and nineteen species of original plants in the practical commodities. There are four major Fructus Aurantii producing areas: Sichuan Basin, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Jinqu Basin and its surrounding hilly areas. All of them are located in the area of the east longitude 104° to 121° and the northern latitudes 27° to 31°. There is a certain difference between the actual commodity and the standards of medicinal materials. It is suggested that the traditional mainstream types of Fructus Aurantii with fine quality should be accepted into Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the types with poor quality should be withdrawn from Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Highly efficient and selective photocatalytic oxidation of sulfide by a chromophore-catalyst dyad of ruthenium-based complexes.

Electronic coupling across a bridging ligand between a chromophore and a catalyst center has an important influence on biological and synthetic photocatalytic processes. Structural and associated electronic modifications of ligands may improve the efficiency of photocatalytic transformations of organic substrates. Two ruthenium-based supramolecular assemblies based on a chromophore-catalyst dyad containing a Ru-aqua complex and its chloro form as the catalytic components were synthesized and structurally characterized, and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties were investigated. Under visible light irradiation and in the presence of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 as a sacrificial electron acceptor, both complexes exhibited good photocatalytic activity toward oxidation of sulfide into the corresponding sulfoxide with high efficiency and >99% product selectivity in neutral aqueous solution. The Ru-aqua complex assembly was more efficient than the chloro complex. Isotopic labeling experiments using (18)O-labeled water demonstrated the oxygen atom transfer from the water to the organic substrate, likely through the formation of an active intermediate, Ru(IV)═O.

Photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation catalyzed by water-soluble mononuclear ruthenium complexes.

Two mononuclear ruthenium complexes [Ru(H2tcbp)(isoq)2] (1) and [Ru(H2tcbp)(pic)2] (2) (H4tcbp=4,4',6,6'-tetracarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, isoq=isoquinoline, pic=4-picoline) are synthesized and fully characterized. Two spare carboxyl groups on the 4,4'-positions are introduced to enhance the solubility of 1 and 2 in water and to simultaneously allow them to tether to the electrode surface by an ester linkage. The photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of 1 in neutral aqueous solution is investigated. Under electrochemical conditions, water oxidation is conducted on the deposited indium-tin-oxide anode, and a turnover number higher than 15,000 per water oxidation catalyst (WOC) 1 is obtained during 10 h of electrolysis under 1.42 V vs. NHE, corresponding to a turnover frequency of 0.41 s(-1). The low overpotential (0.17 V) of electrochemical water oxidation for 1 in the homogeneous solution enables water oxidation under visible light by using [Ru(bpy)3](2+) (P1) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) or [Ru(bpy)2(4,4'-(COOEt)2-bpy)](2+) (P2) as a photosensitizer. In a three-component system containing 1 or 2 as a light-driven WOC, P1 or P2 as a photosensitizer, and Na2S2O8 or [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 as a sacrificial electron acceptor, a high turnover frequency of 0.81 s(-1) and a turnover number of up to 600 for 1 under different catalytic conditions are achieved. In a photoelectrochemical system, the WOC 1 and photosensitizer are immobilized together on the photoanode. The electrons efficiently transfer from the WOC to the photogenerated oxidizing photosensitizer, and a high photocurrent density of 85 µA cm(-2) is obtained by applying 0.3 V bias vs. NHE.

Pre-emptive small dose of fentanyl suppresses fentanyl-induced cough: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) should be effectively prevented in patients requiring stable induction of general anesthesia. We reviewed available randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) that focused on the pre-emptive fentanyl to prevent FIC, and preformed this meta-analysis to clarify the efficacy and to recommend a specific application. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database were searched for relevant RCTs without restriction on the year or language of the publications. All of the published RCTs that assessed the efficacy of pre-emptive fentanyl on preventing FIC were selected. A total of seven studies were identified for inclusion. Meta-analysis showed that a priming fentanyl dose of 0.5 µg/kg decreased the FIC incidence (RR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.17-0.49) and severity (WMD = -0.46, 95% CI -0.70 - -0.23) of FIC; however, a priming fentanyl dose of 1.0 µg/kg (RR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.04-1.70; WMD = -0.60, 95% CI -1.33-0.14) or 1.5 µg/kg (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.77-1.15; WMD = -0.08, 95% CI -0.33-0.17) had no effect on FIC. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that pre-emptive low dose of fentanyl could effectively prevent FIC, and the dose of 0.5 µg/kg was recommended.

Efficient water oxidation catalyzed by mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating Schiff base ligands.

Four new charge-neutral ruthenium(II) complexes containing dianionic Schiff base and isoquinoline or 4-picoline ligands were synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The complexes exhibited excellent chemical water oxidation activity and high stability under acidic conditions (pH 1.0) using (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 as a sacrificial electron acceptor. The high catalytic activities of these complexes for water oxidation were sustained for more than 10 h at low concentrations. High turnover numbers of up to 3200 were achieved. A water nucleophilic attack mechanism was proposed. A Ru(V)=O intermediate was detected during the catalytic cycle by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

[Determination of ginsenosides Re, Rb1 in Panax quinquefolius by micellar electrokinetic chromatography].

OBJECTIVE: A Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) technique for the determination of ginsenosides Re, Rb1 in Panax quinquefolius was developed and validated. METHOD: The MEKC was performed in a mixed buffer solution containing 20 mmol x L(-1) boric acid, 20 mmol x L(-1) sodium tetraborate, 60 mmol x L(-1) sodium cholate (CA) and 20% acetonitrile under the applied voltage of 20 kV at 25 degrees C. The detection wavelenth was 203 nm, the sampling time is 5 sec (hydrostatic injection). RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The liner range was 0.38 - 1.65 mg x ml(-1) for Re and 0.42 - 1.76 g x L(-1) for Rb1. The average recovery for Re was 97.2%, RSD = 1.6% and that for Rb1 was 97.7%, RSD = 1.9% (n = 5). The preparation of sample is easy and the chromatogram has much information.